Backlashes For the Ages
Meanwhile, while agreeing with the sentiment of anti-elitism, most laypeople experiencing the Enlightenment were not keen on the idea that these increasingly discovered laws of nature were ultimately controlling in human affairs. And when science and reason did not seem to be living up to their promise of mitigating the threats presented by physical disasters, starvation, warfare, infection and disease, with warfare arguably becoming an even greater threat than before, a backlash arose—on two fronts no less.
On one front was a backlash that involved a return to religious principles—principles that inspired an array of fundamentalist movements with strong emotional content. This reflected the air of helplessness and desperation sensed by many who longed for a return to the original paradise described in traditional religious texts.
On the other front was a backlash that involved the development of new-age beliefs—i.e., ideologies—that rejected both traditional explanations and the modern scientific explanations of the age, particularly with regard to any restrictions they suggested. That is, instead, these first “postmodernists” argued that the newly discovered capacities for human truth discovery and technological advancement of the age held such great promise that there were no limits to what could be achieved by humankind—effectively allowing humankind to make its own rules for existence that transcended any perceived laws of nature. In short, humans were free to pursue whatever vision of human existence they desired, in the form of a future paradise, or utopia.
With feelings of superiority being broadly perceived as the root of all evil by postmodernists—as those who have held themselves to be superior have often felt compelled to conquer and/or subjugate surrounding populations—the central tenet of postmodernist thought became the notion of relativism. Here it was declared that the variations between human groups—be they racial, cultural, religious and/or technological—were not to be judged as better or worse, only different.