The American Experiment: From Negative Rights, To Positive Rights, To No Rights At All: Part II of VI

Backlashes For the Ages

Meanwhile, while agreeing with the sentiment of anti-elitism, most laypeople experiencing the Enlightenment were not keen on the idea that these increasingly discovered laws of nature were ultimately controlling in human affairs. And when science and reason did not seem to be living up to their promise of mitigating the threats presented by physical disasters, starvation, warfare, infection and disease, with warfare arguably becoming an even greater threat than before, a backlash arose—on two fronts no less.

On one front was a backlash that involved a return to religious principles—principles that inspired an array of fundamentalist movements with strong emotional content. This reflected the air of helplessness and desperation sensed by many who longed for a return to the original paradise described in traditional religious texts.

On the other front was a backlash that involved the development of new-age beliefs—i.e., ideologies—that rejected both traditional explanations and the modern scientific explanations of the age, particularly with regard to any restrictions they suggested. That is, instead, these first “postmodernists” argued that the newly discovered capacities for human truth discovery and technological advancement of the age held such great promise that there were no limits to what could be achieved by humankind—effectively allowing humankind to make its own rules for existence that transcended any perceived laws of nature. In short, humans were free to pursue whatever vision of human existence they desired, in the form of a future paradise, or utopia.

With feelings of superiority being broadly perceived as the root of all evil by postmodernists—as those who have held themselves to be superior have often felt compelled to conquer and/or subjugate surrounding populations—the central tenet of postmodernist thought became the notion of relativism. Here it was declared that the variations between human groups—be they racial, cultural, religious and/or technological—were not to be judged as better or worse, only different.

 

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The American Experiment: From Negative Rights, To Positive Rights, To No Rights At All: Part I of VI

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg recently made news by declaring that Egypt will be well advised to develop a new government according to constitutional principles, but should not use the U.S. Constitution as an example. She said that instead Egypt should look to Canada, South Africa, and Europe for modern examples that include new-age ideas on basic human rights—implying that the U.S. version is old and outdated with regard to the principles and ideals it enshrines. Confirmed here was Justice Ginsburg’s Progressive viewpoint that has become increasingly institutionalized over the last century within the U.S. government and the political left.

The principles and ideals thought to be obsolete by Progressives are those associated with individual liberty, free markets, the standard of merit, and minimal government—those stemming from the European Enlightenment movement of the 1700s. It was this movement, propelled by the likes of John Locke and Adam Smith, that was inspired by the scientific revolution of the previous centuries, spawned by the likes of Copernicus and Newton.

The consensus among Enlightenment types was that laws of nature could be used to explain human existence and to construct policies within human society that would best serve the average citizen. This was opposed to the traditional method in which those in power were held to be elite and maintained the right, typically the birthright, to design policies from above—policies that predominantly served well those in power at the expense of all others. Hence, as broadly illustrated in the Encyclopedia edited by Diderot and Dalembert—a massive work designed to contain all the useful knowledge available throughout the world—the Enlightenment thinkers were quite critical of the monarchies and religious institutions of the day that were infamous for doing whatever it took to acquire and/or maintain their power.

 

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Good Theories Mean Accurate Predictions: Illinois Places More People On Unemployment Rolls Than Any Other State: Part IV of IV

From the Death of a City To the Death of a Nation  

While this pattern of federal redistribution within the U.S. has indeed slowed, and in many ways concealed, the functional decay within poorly performing states, this has merely spread out the related effects over the nation as a whole. The result has been a federal government that has increasingly punished its best-performing individuals and businesses via increased taxes and regulation so as to sustain politicians in their ability to buy votes and campaign contribution, along with keeping higher-lever bureaucrats gainfully employed.

And with similar predictability compared to state dynamics, there would be an increasing exodus of individuals and businesses to follow suit—this time from the U.S. to other nations. With the wealthy individuals and companies—especially multinationals—best able to relocate to greener pastures globally, taking along with them the jobs they supply to those of lower status, the middle class within the U.S. has been increasingly burdened with supporting a increasingly bloated federal government that has become the most immense and comprehensive redistributive body ever known to humankind. However, to become the redistributive behemoth that it is, the U.S. government has had to not only increasingly tax those of middle status while jobs have become increasingly scarce within the U.S., it has had to increasingly borrow from other nations and print more money (with the latter being an option states do not have). This has both in effect dramatically increased taxes on current U.S. citizens by devaluing the currency and created massive debt that will have to be paid by taxing future generations exorbitantly.

However, this may soon become the best-case scenario as the decay within the U.S. (as well as other redistributive Western nations to various degrees) from the bottom up has been increasingly spread around the globe. For the greater economic instability has already created pools of insurrection, with the latter having a history of spreading rapidly and cataclysmically when nations come under great economic strain.

Hopefully, the greatest of evolutionary lessons will be learned before it becomes to late for the West to pull out of its descending spiral: the standard of merit will prevail—as this is the only standard that natural selection can recognize as organisms compete for space over time. Hence there will be those who stand the test of time by embracing the standard of merit, and those who join the fossil record by defying the standard of merit. And along the way in the latter case, who would have ever guessed that Robin Hood could be responsible for starting World War III.

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Good Theories Mean Accurate Predictions: Illinois Places More People On Unemployment Rolls Than Any Other State: Part III of IV

Punish the Rich, Punish All

With even more pressure to gain tax revenues from somewhere (now often simply called “revenues” by U.S. politicians who want to downplay the increased cost implications for taxpayers), all manner of taxes will tend to go up which affect not just the wealthier citizens and businesses, but all citizens and businesses. This can only expand the exodus overall for citizens desiring greener pastures, with the exception being the dependency class that has lived on the redistribution provided by the government at the expense of the producer class that is increasingly disintegrating within a state.

The result will inevitably be the type of state represented by Michigan today, and the type of city represented by Detroit today. The latter is nearly a 3rd-world city already, with entire neighborhoods being flattened to quash criminal activity; and Michigan is not all that far from becoming a 3rd-world state. Thus, even those in the non-producer class have become part of the exodus, as they seek their own greener pastures in the form of those states willing to support them in the lives of leisure they have grown accustomed to at the expense of others via redistributive programs.

Trickle-Up Redistribution, Trickle-Up Poverty

However, while this cascading demise for high-tax, high-redistribution states within the U.S. has arguably occurred with breathtaking speed, the inevitable total implosions have been delayed by ever-increasing redistribution at the national level, as the resources from high-performing states have been increasingly transferred to low-performing states. This has occurred both for the public sector, with regard to government benefits, and for the private sector, with regard to company bailouts—e.g., General Motors (now also know as [U.S.] Government Motors). It appears that the looming bankruptcy of another high-tax, high-redistribution state, California, may well lead the way as the first entire state to be officially bailed out (see the Living With Evolution post, from November 18, 2010, “Too Big To Fail, California Style,” for another prediction about to prove accurate).

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Good Theories Mean Accurate Predictions: Illinois Places More People On Unemployment Rolls Than Any Other State: Part II of IV

Tax Fairness Versus Function

When a progressive income tax code is used to redistribute resources, the relative punishment of those who perform better is joined by relative reward for those who perform worse. This means the decreased incentive to perform strongly at the top is matched by an even greater incentive to perform weakly at the bottom. For while those with industriousness will tend to possess some degree of internal drive to be productive, those who lack industriousness will tend to do nothing if provided the opportunity. Thus, progressive redistribution via an income tax code will strongly select for lower performance at both ends of the status spectrum, with those in the middle having less to aspire to with success and less to fear with failure—rendering the average individual and the society as a whole dramatically less productive, efficient, and innovative, which will also curtail advancement overall.

When In Doubt, Leave

In terms of the pursuit of self-interest, all will tend to seek “the greenest pastures,” while attempting to make a living. For those who are industrious, this will mean seeking out the conditions that provide the greatest reward for performance. For those who lack industriousness, this will mean seeking out the conditions that provide the greatest reward for doing nothing.

Thus, in the case of Illinois, the dramatically increased punishment for those who are talented and industrious—within a state that had high taxes to begin with—was destined to lead to a mass exodus of both high-status individuals and businesses—those who could most afford to uproot and who were most likely to gain the attention of competing states that were simultaneously prepared to increase the reward for migration. The departure of the wealthy individuals and their business interests meant an increase in the ranks of those who are unemployed was soon to follow.

Following the Lead

What can be expected to follow from here is the mass exodus of those of middle and low status who were once seeking jobs in Illinois, as they will eventually have to follow suit in seeking greener pastures, even if the increased taxes are not affecting them directly. This will likely begin to lower the unemployment rate as previously hoped, but because there are fewer jobs available, not more individuals who have found jobs. Hence, instead of creating more workers to support a state’s economy and its government apparatus, there will be fewer workers and taxpayers resulting in a shrinking economy and a government with an even greater budget crisis, as governments are loathe to cut spending, and especially the spending related to redistribution—as this is what buys votes and campaign contributions for politicians and keeps bureaucrats gainfully employed.

 

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Good Theories Mean Accurate Predictions: Illinois Places More People On Unemployment Rolls Than Any Other State: Part I of IV

In this website’s post on February 19, 2011, “Tax the Rich, Get Less of Them,” it was predicted that the decision by government officials to remedy the Illinois budget shortfall by dramatically increasing taxes, especially on the rich, would most certainly exacerbate the problem. It has taken less than a year to be proven correct. For it was recently reported that the Illinois unemployment rate has increased from 9 to 9.8 percent during 2011, while other states have seemingly stabilized or had nominal decreases in the ranks of their unemployed (see “Wrong way, Illinois: Unemployment rate increased most in the nation in 2011”).

To iterate, the reason this was outcome was not only highly predictably but assured is that there is a biomathematical law central to evolution theory, in which there will be more of what is rewarded and less of what is punished. In this case, both high performance and the pursuit of self-interest for individuals have been strongly selected against within Illinois by raising taxes for individuals and businesses.

Defining Tax Fairness

In terms of performance, a tax code that is progressive will punish success to the degree that it is progressive, as those who do the best not only pay the most, but also increasingly pay more as they do better. Indeed, fundamentally speaking a flat tax is progressive with regard to wealthier individuals paying a far-greater portion of the overall tax bill than poorer individuals. For example, if there were a 15 percent flat tax, an individual making $10,000 would pay $1,500 while an individual making $100,000 would pay $15,000—ten times as much for the latter with the same benefits of citizenry. Many will argue that citizenry has favored the higher performer ten times more, but without government interference the marketplace can only recognize talent and work ethic.

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Money Can’t Buy Happiness? On the Contrary!: Part VI of VI

Unhappiness: not merely something to be treated

As we now come full circle, for humans it is these feeling and emotions, along with reason and consciousness, which drive humans to pursue the highest possible status, largely via wealth acquisition in the modern age. For great wealth and status are central to maximizing economic, combat, and reproductive performance for individuals and their families. This explains why all human emotions and feelings, except surprise and excitement, comprise what is known as hedonic tone. And even these two exceptions serve to amplify the effects of the emotions and feelings comprising hedonic tone.

That is, all other emotions and feelings operate along a continuum with extreme reward, or positive feelings, on one end, and extreme punishment, or negative feelings, on the other. These have been naturally selected for in accordance with the behaviors that have tended to range from highly beneficial to highly detrimental for human bloodlines through the eons. And it is in this light that feelings that range from extreme happiness to extreme unhappiness provide overall guidance for how individuals are doing with respect to perpetuating their lines.

Hence, as money has become central to achieving the high status that is in turn central to all things positively associated with bloodline survivability, which generally coincide with happiness; one can confidently expect there to be a strong correlation between having money and having happiness, such that the former can be said to be able to buy the latter. And on the flip side, this would mean that those who are unhappy should probably not be seeking one or another new-age antidepressant to feel more happy; they should instead be figuring out what a heritage defined by natural selection is telling them they are doing wrong–wrong enough that they will ultimately become part of the fossil record if corrections in behavior are not made.

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Money Can’t Buy Happiness? On the Contrary!: Part V of VI

On Carrots and Sticks

As natural selection has rewarded gene-pool survivability, and therefore the members of species that have facilitated this genetic survivability, both the associated physical and behavioral characteristics have been selected for and promoted. That is, those organisms that are driven to operate in the prescribed fashion via instinct will operate in the prescribed fashion with regard to survivability more than others that lack such motivation.

While for lower-level organisms the prescribed behavior will be hardwired into the neural architecture in relatively simple, algorithmic fashion, with modification taking place only through variation in offspring from one generation to the next; for higher-level organisms that inhabit complex niches that require diverse behavioral repertoires, something more is required: the ability to take surrounding input, process the information, and come up with optimal behavioral resolutions on-site and in real-time using intelligence. It is with this that optimal behavioral resolutions can be converted to actions in organisms via emotions—serving as higher-lever instinctual guidance to supplement, though not supplant, the basic instinctual system that considers long-term demands with regard to survivability.

However, noteworthy here is that even within such a system as this there is no call for conscious intelligence as humans know it. No, for this type of behavioral agility an even-greater information processing capacity is required—one that includes both consciousness and feelings added to the emotions that serve as high-tech instincts. In addition to emotions directing behavior, feelings direct the rational thought processes that are able to add an extra dimension and yet greater intellectual adaptivity to achieve yet better behavioral resolutions.

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Money Can’t Buy Happiness? On the Contrary!: Part IV of VI

Money Can Buy You Love

Consistent with the interactive dynamics described above, those in the mating marketplace will also seek association with those of highest status they can, based on their own status as perceived by others. However, here the process is inherently specialized, as females bring something to the table that males cannot possibly possess and cannot live without: eggs, and therefore the vehicle of genetic lineage. Hence, it is the goal of the male to find the female(s) that can provide his offspring with the best quality of genes and mothering possible.

Meanwhile, having a monopoly on the eggs the males need to perpetuate their lines—i.e. to avoid extinction—females are able to trade access to their eggs for access to the resources that are necessary to maximize the chances of survival and successful reproduction, in accord with the survival dynamics described in above.

In this case, the matching up of status rank goes by the specific name of “assortative mating,” as male and female birds of a feather flock together. As females are best served in their genetic proliferation efforts by being able to dedicate themselves fully to producing numerous high-quality offspring with all the benefits of abundant resources, they are attracted to the males that can provide them.

“Stereotypes” By Evolutionary Mandate

In turn, as high-status males have all the resources they need, they assign high female status far more on females’ apparent potential as successful reproducers than successful competitors for resources. The females status markers surrounding beauty and social talents (both with regard to children and other adults) have proven critical to successful reproduction for males (See the Living With Evolution post, “Beauty and Brains: The Unfairness Of It All,” January 27, 2011). Thus, one of the best ways to predict the wealth/status of a female’s mate is to assess her beauty, and one of the best ways to predict the beauty of a male’s mate is to assess his wealth.

Yet is it also worth noting that, as modern females do not have to produce as many offspring as females once did, as many threats have been reduced in high-status nations, and as females have been able to subcontract certain child-rearing duties, say with regard to education, they have increasingly become wealth acquirers in their own right. However, even with the somewhat reduced demands of successful reproduction, those females that let males do the heavy lifting with regard to resources acquisition will have more-success lines. This explains why no matter how much a female is able to make within the marketplace, she will tend to be attracted to males that make more.). Thus, one of the best ways to predict the wealth/status of a female’s mate is to assess her beauty, and one of the best ways to predict the beauty of a male’s mate is to assess his wealth.

So with beautiful females attracting both a higher quantity and higher quality of male suitors/potential male reproductive cooperators, they will be able to gain the services of a wealthier male and therefore greater reproductive success on average. And in reverse, wealthy, high-status males will attract both a higher quantity and higher quality of interested females, which in turn will lead to greater reproductive success on average. Thus, money can buy you love with regard to human male mating pursuits, as females are far better off, and for more likely to, fall in love with wealthy men than poor men.

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Money Can’t Buy Happiness? On the Contrary!: Part III of VI

Overall Competitiveness Enhancer

While not a matter of threat per se, those who have more money will tend to have better access to all resources and technologies that allow for increased competitiveness within the marketplace–i.e., among fellow citizens at all levels of societal organization.

That is, at the individual level, those who have greater wealth will not only have better raw competitive performance than others in all the ways described above; they will have greater cooperative performance than others based on the higher status and negotiating leverage that comes with greater wealth.

That is, others tend to feel strongly compelled to associate and interact with those who have wealth, both because they have more they may share and, more importantly, because: to possess wealth strongly suggests one possesses the attributes necessary to make more of it, which means others may gain access to acquiring more wealth as part of future cooperative pursuits.

So overall, this means that those with wealth, and the high status associated with it, will get to pick and choose from a larger pool of potential cooperators, thereby gaining access to a higher quality of associations. Of course, as all of higher status will use this same sorting process in their “networking” pursuits, higher-status individuals will tend select each other, as each will be able to maximize their cooperative yields. This explains why “Birds of a feather flock together,” as those of similar status will match up in mutually beneficial cooperative fashion.

Needless to say, at the other end of the spectrum, as those of lower status will have relatively few individuals interested in interacting and associating with them, as they have little to offer in any regard, they will be limited to mainly a low quantity and low quality of interactive choices. So similarly low-status birds will tend to flock together. And the same will be true for the majority in the heart of the status bell curve, where those of middling status will also tend to find association with those of like kind.

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